Table of Contents

Executive summary
1 INTRODUCTION
    Objectives
    Background
2 GENERAL APPROACH
    Objectives
      Water source
      Normalization
      Use of biotreatment
      Variety of water sources
    Toxicity identification
    Toxicity thresholds
    Treatment methods
      Selection of treatments
      Development of treatments
      Aerobic biological treatment
      Ammonia removal
      Metals removal
      Arsenic removal
      Copper and zinc removal
      Removal of residual organics
      Oxidation of residual organics
      Activated carbon adsorption of residual organics
      Combined treatment of residual organics
    Overall treatment scheme
    Analysis of residual toxicity
      Salinity ionic ratios
      Other known toxicants
    Toxicity correlations
3 FEED WATERS
      Organic constituents (COD, TOC, and BOD)
      Ammonia
      Conventional metals
      Trace toxic metals
4 EXPERIMENTAL EQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURES
    Feed preparation and selection
    Biological treatment
    Ammonia removal
    Arsenic removal
    Copper and zinc removal
    UV-peroxide oxidative removal of residual organics
    Powdered activated carbon removal of residual organics
    Combined uv/peroxide - powdered activated carbon treatment
    Sampling and analysis
    Toxicity testing
5 RESULTS - INDIVIDUAL WASTEWATERS
    Wastewater 1
    Wastewater 3
    Wastewater 4
    Wastewater 5
    Wastewater 6
    Wastewater 7
    Wastewater 8
    Wastewater 9
    Wastewater 11
    Wastewater 12
    Wastewater 15
6 RESULTS - OVERALL
    Biological removal of conventional contaminants
      Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
      Chemical oxygen demand (COD)
      Total organic carbon (TOC)
      Ammonia
    Biological removal of toxicants
      Low level metals (Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, Hg)
      Bioeffluent levels of other toxicants
      metals
      Surfactants (MBAS & CTAS)
    Physical/chemical removal of contaminants
      Ammonia removal by alkaline air stripping
      Acute toxicity and metals removal by precipitation
      Acute toxicity and tertiary treatment removal of
       residual organics
      Chronic toxicity and tertiary treatment removal of
       residual organics
7 INVESTIGATION OF RESIDUAL TOXICITY
    Toxicity from ionic imbalances
    Other potential toxicants
      Boron
      Barium
      Antimony
      Tin
      Vanadium
      Selenium
      Cyanides
      Priority pollutant metals (Be, Ag, Tl)
      Beryllium
      Silver
      Thallium
      Surfactants
      Naphthenic acids
      Antifoam agent
      Solid phase (C18) extraction
      Residual organics
    Materials not analyzed
      Nitrate
      Phosphate
      Reduced sulfur species
    Overview
8 TOXICITY CORRELATIONS
    Scoring
    Overall score
    Revised scoring
    Product type
    Geographical location
    Biological treatment levels
      Bioeffluent BOD
      Bioeffluent COD
      Bioeffluent TOC
      Bioeffluent ammonia
      Bioeffluent Surfactants (MBAS and CTAS)
    Final effluent levels of known toxicants
      Final effluent ammonia
      Final effluent metals - As, Cu, Zn
      Final effluent metals - Cr & Ni
    Residual TOC after tertiary treatments
9 SUMMARY OF RESULTS
    Bibliography
List of figures
List of tables

Abstract

Measures toxicity in biologically treated petroleum product terminal tank bottoms waters, identifying the chemicals that cause the toxicity. Treatment options are identified and the effectiveness of the treatment techniques in removing the toxic forming constituents is also measured.

General Product Information

Published
Document Type	Standard
Status	Current
Publisher	American Petroleum Institute
Pages
ISBN