Table of Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1 INTRODUCTION
2 FACTORS AFFECTING BIOACCUMULATION
                      PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
                         Polarity
                         Molecular Size
                         Summary
                      ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES
                         Overview of Variables
                         Organic Carbon Sorption
                         Acidity
                         Salinity
                         Environmental Degradation Processes
                      ORGANISM-RELATED FACTORS
                         Uptake from Water
                         Dietary Uptake
                         Depuration of Accumulated Residues
                         Toxicity and Bioaccumulation
                         Kinetic Models of Bioaccumulation
                         Model Terms and Concepts
                         Application of Models to Biological Data
                         Half-Lives of Bioaccumulated PAHS
                         Estimation of Potential BCF Using
                         QSAR Models
                      FOOD CHAIN-RELATED FACTORS
                         Theory
                         Biomagnification
                         An Example
3 APPROACHES FOR ASSESSMENT
                      TISSUE RESIDUE OPTION
                         Method Evaluation
                      EFFLUENT OPTION
                         Method Evaluation
                      SEDIMENT ASSESSMENT OPTION
                         Method Evaluation
                      OVERVIEW OF EPA ASSESSMENT METHODS
                      OTHER POTENTIAL APPROACHES
                         Transplanted Sentinel Organisms
                      SPMD Technology
REFERENCES
GLOSSARY
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
2-1 Effects of increasingly polar substituents on
                   the water solubility and lipophilicity of organic
                   compounds
2-2 Effects of increasing molecular size on the
                   water solubility and lipophilicity of
                   organic compounds (PAHs)
2.3 Molecular size of contaminants and a lipid
                   relative to the postulated pore size of a
                   fish gill
2-4 The effects of pH on the Kow or the
                   lipophilicity of a weak organic acid
2-5 Chemical structures of selected organic
                   compounds having increasing environmental
                   persistence and lipophilicity
2-6 Multiple routes of chemical uptake, elimination
                   and growth dilution exhibited by various
                   aquatic species
2-7 Selected PAHs, having bay regions in their
                   molecular structure, and their relative
                   carcinogenicity
2-8 Single-compartment model for the uptake
                   and elimination of lipophilic chemicals
                   by an organism
2-9 Food chain biomagnification of a typical PCB
2-10 The lipid containing semipermeable membrane
                   device (SPMD) and a typical deployment apparatus
LIST OF TABLES
Table
2-1 Selected Characteristics of Organic Chemicals
                   That Affect Bioaccumulation
2-2 Characteristics of Aquatic Environments
                   That Impact Bioavailability/Exposure of
                   Organic Compounds, Thus Affecting
                   Bioaccumulation
2-3 Relative Distribution of PAHs and Chlorinated
                   Hydrocarbons in Bivalve (Macoma nasuta)
                   Lipid (L) and Sediment Organic Carbon (OC)

Abstract

Provides an intermediate-level primer on the accumulation of chemicals by aquatic organisms with emphasis on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Approaches for assessing the bioaccumulation potential of chemicals are examined and in evaluation of each method's advantages and shortcomings is offered.

General Product Information

Published
Document Type	Standard
Status	Current
Publisher	American Petroleum Institute
Pages
ISBN