Table of Contents

SECTION
   EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
   1. INTRODUCTION
        ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY
   2. METHODS
        SAMPLING
        INITIAL PROCESSING
        FRACTIONATION AND TOXICITY TESTING
        ACE/BCE/NCE FRACTIONATION METHOD VALIDATION
   3. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
        POTENTIAL PW TOXICANTS
        EFFECTS OF SALINITY/IONIC IMBALANCES
        EFFECTS OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN
        ISOLATION OF ACID/BASE/NEUTRAL ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
        PARTICULATES ASSOCIATED WITH pH CHANGE
        SUITABILITY OF TEST SPECIES
        TOXICITY TEST REPRODUCIBILITY
        EXPERIMENTAL LIMITATIONS
   4. LESSONS LEARNED
        SUGGESTIONS FOR CARRYING OUT PRODUCED WATER TIEs
   5. REFERENCES
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX A - SOP - API TIEPW1
APPENDIX B - SOP - API-TIEPW2
APPENDIX C - SOP - API-TIEPW3
APPENDIX D - SUMMARY OF RESEARCH DATA
FIGURE
   2.1 Flow diagram of the physical adjustments
         performed on the produced water samples
   2.2 The semivolatile organic compound fractionation
         procedure (ACE/BCE/NCE) performed on the produced
         water samples
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE
   1-1 Summary of Produced Water Toxicity Research
         Studies
   2-1 Types of Produced Water Samples Tested
   2-2 Summary of Test Conditions for Acute Toxicity
         Using the Freshwater Species Fathead Minnow,
         Pimephales promelas, and Daphnid, Ceriodaphnia
         dubia
   2-3 Summary of Test Conditions for Acute Toxicity
         Using the Seawater Species Cyprinodon variegatus
         and Mysidopsis bahia
   2-4 Summary of Test Conditions for Acute Toxicity
         Tests Using the Sea Urchin, Arbacia punctulata
   2-5 Fractionation and physical Adjustments Performed
         on the Produced Waters
   3-1 Summary Results of Produced Water TIE
   3-2 Relative Composition of Dilution Water and the
         Saline Produced Waters Normalized to the
         Chloride Ion
   3-3 Relationship of Chemical Oxygen Demand of
         Produced Water and Dissolved Oxygen Concentration
         in the Toxicity Tests
   3-4 Summary of Recoveries of Spiked Analytes from
         the ACE/BCE/NCE Validation Experiment
   D-1 Experimental Observations During Produced
         Water Sample Fractionations
   D-2 Chemical Properties of Phase 1 Produced Water
         Samples
   D-3 Chemical Properties of Phase 2 Produced Water
         Samples
   D-4 Chemical Properties of Phase 3 Produced Water
         Samples
   D-5 Summary of Phase 1 Low-Salinity Fraction Toxicity
         (24-hr Static Acute Test LC50 Values with
         Ceriodaphnia dubia) Relative to Whole Produced
         Water
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE
   D-6 Summary of Phase 1 High-Salinity Fraction
         Toxicity (Arabicia punctulata Gamete
         Fertilization Acute Test EC50 Values) Relative
         to Whole Produced Water
   D-7 Summary of Phase 2 Low-Salinity Fraction Toxicity
         (24-hr Static Acute Test LC50 Values with
         Ceriodaphnia dubia) Relative to Whole Produced
         Water
   D-8 Summary of phase 2 High Salinity Fraction
         Toxicity (24-hr Static Acute Test LC50 Values
         with Mysidopsis bahia) Relative to Whole Produced
         Water
   D-9 Summary of Phase 3 High-Salinity Fraction
         Toxicity (24-hr Static Acute Test LC50 Values
         with Mysidopsis bahia) Relative to Whole
         Produced Water

Abstract

Summarizes the results of a three-part study to evaluate the ability of EPA proposed toxicity identification evaluations (TIEs) to determine the potential toxicants in produced water from oil and gas production operations in various locations. Factors affecting the results of the TIEs were identified as well as potential toxicants. Suggestions for improving TIE procedures are included.

General Product Information

Published
Document Type	Standard
Status	Current
Publisher	American Petroleum Institute
Pages
ISBN