Table of Contents

SECTION 1 - ORIGIN AND ACCUMULATION OF OIL AND GAS
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Organic Theory of Origin
1.3 Accumulation and Occurrence
1.4 Oil and Gas Segregation
1.5 Reservoir Rock
1.6 Geologic Types of Reservoirs
1.7 Types of Production Processes
       1.7.1 Gas Drive Reservoirs
       1.7.2 Water Drive Reservoirs
SECTION 2 - THE WELL
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Casing
2.3 Completion Methods
2.4 Tubing
2.5 Safety Valves
SECTION 3 - WELL TREATMENT
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Fracturing
3.3 Acidizing
3.4 Chemical Treatment
3.5 Sand Control
3.6 Frac Packing
SECTION 4 - THE WELLHEAD
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The Casinghead
4.3 The Tubing Head
4.4 The Christmas Tree
4.5 Subsea Trees
SECTION 5 - ARTIFICIAL LIFT
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Sucker Road Pumping
5.3 Pump-off Controllers (POC)
5.4 Gas lifting
5.5 Subsurface Electrical Pumping
5.6 Subsurface Hydraulic Pumping
5.7 Jet Pumps
SECTION 6 - WELL TESTING
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Drill-Stem Test
6.3 Potential Test
6.4 Bottom-Hole Pressure Test
6.5 Transient Pressure Testing
6.6 Productivity Test
6.7 Routine Production Tests
6.8 Bottom-Hole Temperature Determination
6.9 Sonic Fluid Level Determination
6.10 Water Analysis
SECTION 7 - SEPARATION, TREATMENT AND STORAGE
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Separation
7.3 Dehydration of Natural Gas
7.4 Natural Gas Liquids Extraction Plants (Gas Plants)
7.5 Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Plants
7.6 Oil Treating
       7.6.1 Heater-Treaters
       7.6.2 Free Water Knockouts (FWKOs)
       7.6.3 Desalters
       7.6.4 Gun Barrel
       7.6.5 Storage Tanks
       7.6.6 Vapor Recovery System
7.7 Handling Produced Water
7.8 Water Treating Systems and Disposal
7.9 Hydrocyclones
SECTION 8 - GAUGING AND METERING PRODUCTION
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Lease Tank Battery
8.3 Tank Battery Operation
8.4 Tank Strapping
8.5 Tank or Oil Gauging
8.6 Oil Measurement and Testing
8.7 Measurement and Testing Procedures
8.8 Standardized and Semi-Automatic Tank Batteries
8.9 Automatic Custody Transfer
8.10 Gas Measurement
8.11 Computers in Producing Operations
8.12 Programmable Logic Controllers and Distributed
       Control Systems
8.13 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)
       Systems
SECTION 9 - OFFSHORE PRODUCTION AND STRUCTURES
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Alternate Offshore Production Systems
9.3 Floating Production and Storage Facilities
9.4 Mobile Offshore Production Units (MOPUs)
9.5 Subsea Pipelines
SECTION 10 - SPECIAL PROBLEMS
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Corrosion
10.3 Emulsion Treating
10.4 Scale Formation
10.5 Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM)
10.6 Water Disposal
10.7 Paraffin Problems
10.8 Asphaltenes
10.9 Hydrogen Sulfide
SECTION 11 - ENHANCED RECOVERY
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Water Injection
11.3 Gas Injection
11.4 Miscible and Chemical Processes
11.5 Thermal Processes
11.6 Gas Reservoirs
11.7 Injection System Operation
SECTION 12 - PRODUCTION PERSONNEL
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Lease Operator
12.3 Maintenance Personnel
12.4 Production Foreman
12.5 Field Superintendent
12.6 Engineering Technician
12.7 Petroleum Engineer
SECTION 13 - TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
SECTION 14 - PIPE, VALVES AND FITTINGS
SECTION 15 - REPORTS AND RECORDS
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Oil Production Report
15.3 Pipeline Run Tickets
15.4 Gas Meter Charts
15.5 Well Test Records
15.6 Equipment, Service and Supply Reports
15.7 Environment Records and Reports
SECTION 16 - STATE AND FEDERAL OIL AND GAS REGULATIONS
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Commission or Board Regulations
16.3 Relation Between Regulation and Conservation
16.4 Commission or Board Procedure
16.5 Reports Required
16.6 Interstate Compact
16.7 MMS Control of Federal Lands
16.8 Federal Hot Oil Act
16.9 Other Laws and Regulations
SECTION 17 - ENVIRONMENTAL, HEALTH AND SAFETY CONCERNS
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Environmental Requirements
17.3 Health and Safety Requirements
17.4 Summary
SECTION 18 - ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Ultimate Recovery
18.3 State Taxes
18.4 Federal Government Taxes and Price Controls
18.5 Other Government Activities
18.6 What It All Means
SECTION 19 - FUTURE TRENDS
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Multiphase Pumps
19.3 Horizontal Trees
19.4 Horizontal Drilling
19.5 Downhole Well Splinters
19.6 Multiphase Metering
APPENDIX A - GLOSSARY
APPENDIX B - ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Table
1 - Control Well Test Data

Abstract

Serves as a primer for oil and gas operations. It covers the origins and accumulation of oil and gas, the well, well treatment and wellhead, artificial lift, well testing, separation, treatment and storage, gauging and metering production, offshore production and structures, corrosion, enhanced recovery, production personnel, tools and equipment, pipe, valves and fittings, reports and records, state and federal regulations, environmental, health, and safety concerns, economic considerations, and future trends.

General Product Information

Published
Document Type	Standard
Status	Current
Publisher	American Petroleum Institute
Pages
ISBN