Table of Contents

SECTION 1 - INTRODUCTION TO SALTWATER INJECTION
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Reference Publications
1.3 Disposal Versus Enhanced Recovery
1.4 Components of an Injection System
      1.4.1 Gathering System
      1.4.2 Water Treatment Facilities
      1.4.3 Injection Facilities
1.5 Environment Concerns
      1.5.1 Underground Injection Control (UIC)
      1.5.2 Air Pollution Concerns
      1.5.3 Waste Management - Hazardous Materials
      1.5.4 Spills
      1.5.5 Hazardous Chemicals Inventory
      1.5.6 Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material
             (NORM)
      1.5.7 Other Environmental Concerns
1.6 Health and Safety Concerns
      1.6.1 Chemical Exposure
      1.6.2 Chemicals at Injection Facilities
      1.6.3 Other Chemicals
      1.6.4 Asbestos
      1.6.5 Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material
             (NORM)
      1.6.6 Physical Hazards
      1.6.7 Noise
      1.6.8 Confined Spaces
      1.6.9 Electrical Hazards
      1.6.10 Fires and Explosions
      1.6.11 Construction Hazards
1.7 Summary
CHAPTER 2 - THE GATHERING SYSTEM
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Initial Oil/Water Separation
2.3 Pipeline Design
      2.3.1 Design Considerations
      2.3.2 Gravity Flow and Pumping Techniques
      2.3.3 Pipeline Size
      2.3.4 Pipeline Vents
      2.3.5 Types of Pipe Used in Gathering Systems
      2.3.6 Connections
      2.3.7 Pump Selection
      2.3.8 Water Meters
      2.3.9 Inspection and Sampling
2.4 Installation of Pipelines
      2.4.1 Pipe Ditches
      2.4.2 Snaking Pipes
      2.4.3 Road Crossings
2.5 Pipeline Inspection and Maintenance
CHAPTER 3 - WATER TREATMENT FACILITIES
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Oil Removal
      3.2.1 Gravity Segregation Vessel
      3.2.2 Heater Treater and Electrical Chemical
             Treater
      3.2.3 Skim Tanks and Coalescers
3.3 Solids Removal
      3.3.1 Coagulation and Sedimentation
      3.3.2 Filtration
      3.3.3 Filter Types
      3.3.4 Water Characteristics
      3.3.5 Backwashing
      3.3.6 Filter Failure
3.4 Scales and Other Precipitates
      3.4.1 Scales
      3.4.2 Preventing or Removing Scales and Other
             Deposits
      3.4.3 Sampling Water-formed Deposits
      3.4.4 Field Sample Collection
3.5 Bacteria
      3.5.1 Aerobic Bacteria
      3.5.2 Anaerobic Bacteria
      3.5.3 Anaerobic Sulfate Reducing Bacteria
      3.5.4 Prevention
CHAPTER 4 - INJECTION FACILITIES
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Prediction of Volume and Rate of Water Production
      For Disposal
      4.2.1 Active Water Drive
      4.2.2 Limited Water Drive
      4.2.3 Maximum Future Water Production Rate
      4.2.4 Future Water Production Curve
4.3 Disposal Formation
      4.3.1 Permeability and Thickness
      4.3.2 Areal Extent
      4.3.3 Pressure
4.4 Locating Wells
4.5 Selection of Wells For Injection
      4.5.1 The Newly Drilled Hole
      4.5.2 Conversion of an Existing Well
4.6 Drilling and Completion
      4.6.1 Methods of Completion
      4.6.2 Access to the Objective Formation
      4.6.3 Liners
      4.6.4 Adequate Hole Diameter
      4.6.5 Containment of Injected Fluids to Target
             Formation
      4.6.6 Surface Casing
      4.6.7 The Long String
      4.6.8 Protection Against Corrosion
4.7 Equipping the Well for Injection
      4.7.1 Tubing
      4.7.2 Designing the Tubing String
      4.7.3 Packers
      4.7.4 Annular Inhibition
      4.7.5 Wellheads
      4.7.6 Wellhead Meters
4.8 Injection Pumps
      4.8.1 Saltwater Service
      4.8.2 Injection Stations
      4.8.3 Hook up Considerations
      4.8.4 Pump Drives
4.9 Putting The Well Into Service
      4.9.1 Rate Testing Disposal Wells
      4.9.2 Rate Selection for Enhanced Recovery
4.10 Well Maintenance
      4.10.1 General
      4.10.2 Stimulating
4.11 Recordkeeping
4.12 Well Plugging
CHAPTER 5 - ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS OF SALTWATER
            INJECTION OPERATIONS
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Disposal Costs For Salt Water
5.3 Value of Salt Water
      5.3.1 General
      5.3.2 Effect of Disposal on Economic Limit
5.4 Organizational Procedures For Handling Salt Water
      Disposal
      5.4.1 Disposal by Others for a Fee
      5.4.2 Disposal into and Operators Own System
      5.4.3 Association Disposal System
      5.4.4 Joint Interest Disposal System
5.5 Records
      5.5.1 Disposal Volumes and Pressures
      5.5.2 Remedial Well Work
      5.5.3 Repairs to Injection System
      5.5.4 Waster Disposal
APPENDIX A - GLOSSARY
APPENDIX B - BIBLIOGRAPHY
INDEX
Figures
1 Fibreglass Saltwater Handling Tank
2 Transfer Pump and Back Up Pump
3 Fibreglass Tank and Transfer Pump
4 Friction loss Chart
5 Bundle of 8 inch Plastic Pipe With Bell End Joint
    Connectors
6 Orifice Meter Type Metering Installation
7 Chemical Injection System
8 Trap for Inserting a Pipeline Scraper Into a Line
9 Typical Skim Tank
10 Typical Baffle Type Coalescer
11 Common Methods of Completion
12 Typical Injection Wellhead Assembly and Meter Run
13 Installation Utilizing Vertical Centrifugal Pumps
14 Large Water Injection Station
15 Electric Motor Driven Positive Displacement Pump
16 Centralized Injection Pump Station

Abstract

Covers minimum guidelines for well construction, operation and monitoring.

General Product Information

Published
Document Type	Standard
Status	Current
Publisher	American Petroleum Institute
Pages
ISBN